[Book Review] Hamed-Troyansky, Vladimir. Empire of Refugees: North Caucasian Muslims and the Late Ottoman State. Stanford University Press, 2024. Reviewed by Ayah Aboelela
Between 1864 and 1914, correlating to the Russian conquest of the Caucasus and World War I, about one million North Caucasian Muslims left Russian territories due to war, ethnic cleansing, and religious persecution. In Empire…